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The
Chemistry standards are designed to
provide students with a detailed understanding
of the interaction of matter and energy.
This interaction is investigated through
the use of laboratory techniques,
manipulation of chemical quantities,
and problem-solving applications.
Scientific methodology will be employed
in experimental and analytical investigations,
and concepts will be illustrated with
practical applications that should
include examples from environmental,
nuclear, organic, and biochemistry
content areas.
Technology including
graphing calculators, computers,
and probeware will be employed where
feasible. Students will understand
and use safety precautions with
chemicals and equipment. The standards
emphasize qualitative and quantitative
study of substances and the changes
that occur in them. In meeting the
chemistry standards, students will
be encouraged to share their ideas,
use the language of chemistry, discuss
problem-solving techniques, and
communicate effectively.
The Chemistry standards
continue to focus on student growth
in understanding the nature of science.
This scientific view defines the
idea that explanations of nature
are developed and tested using observation,
experimentation, models, evidence,
and systematic processes. The nature
of science includes the concepts
that scientific explanations are
based on logical thinking; are subject
to rules of evidence; are consistent
with observational, inferential,
and experimental evidence; are open
to rational critique; and are subject
to refinement and change with the
addition of new scientific evidence.
The nature of science includes the
concept that science can provide
explanations about nature, can predict
potential consequences of actions,
but cannot be used to answer all
questions. |
| CH.1 |
The
student will investigate and understand
that experiments in
which variables are measured,
analyzed, and evaluated, produce
observations and verifiable data. Key
concepts include
- designated laboratory techniques;
- safe
use of chemicals and
equipment;
- proper response to emergency
situations;
- manipulation of multiple
variables with repeated
trials;
- accurate recording,
organizing, and analysis
of data through repeated
trials;
- mathematical and procedural
error analysis;
- mathematical manipulations
(SI
units, scientific
notation, linear
equations, graphing, ratio
and proportion, significant
digits, dimensional
analysis);
- the use of appropriate
technology including computers,
graphing calculators,
and probeware for gathering
data and communicating
results; and
- construction and defense
of a scientific viewpoint
(the nature of science).
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| CH.2 |
The
student will investigate and understand
that the placement of elements
on the
periodic table is a function of
their atomic structure. The periodic
table is a tool used for the
investigations of
- average atomic
mass, mass
number, and atomic
number;
- isotopes,
half lives, and radioactive
decay;
- characteristics of subatomic
particles as to
mass and charge;
- families or groups;
- series and periods;
- trends including atomic
radii, electronegativity,
shielding effect, and
ionization energy;
- electron
configurations, valence
electrons, and oxidation
numbers;
- chemical and physical
properties; and
- historical and quantum
models.
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| CH.3 |
The
student will investigate and understand
how conservation of energy and
matter is expressed in chemical
formulas and balanced equations. Key
concepts include
- nomenclature;
- balancing
chemical equations;
- writing
chemical formulas (molecular,
structural, empirical,
and Lewis diagrams);
- bonding types (ionic, covalent);
- reaction types (synthesis, decomposition,
single and double replacement,
oxidation-reduction, neutralization, exothermic
and endothermic);
and
- reaction
rates and kinetics (activation
energy, catalysis, degree
of randomness).
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| CH.4 |
The
student will investigate and understand
that quantities in a chemical
reaction are based on molar relationships. Key
concepts include
- Avogadro's principle
and molar volume;
- stoichiometric relationships;
- partial pressure;
- gas laws;
- solution concentrations;
- chemical
equilibrium; and
- acid/base theory: strong
electrolytes, weak electrolytes,
and nonelectrolytes; dissociation
and ionization; pH and
pOH; and the titration process.
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| CH.5 |
The
student will investigate and understand
that the phases
of matter are explained by kinetic
theory and forces
of attraction between particles. Key
concepts include
- pressure, temperature,
and volume;
- vapor
pressure;
- phase
changes;
- molar
heats of fusion and
vaporization;
- specific
heat capacity; and
- colligative properties.
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