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The
eighth-grade standards contain both
content that reviews or extends concepts
and skills learned in previous grades
and new content that prepares students
for more abstract concepts in algebra
and geometry. Students will gain proficiency
in computation with rational numbers
(positive and negative fractions,
positive and negative decimals, whole
numbers, and integers) and use proportions
to solve a variety of problems. New
concepts include solving two-step
equations and inequalities, graphing
linear equations, visualizing three-dimensional
shapes represented in two-dimensional
drawings, applying transformations
to geometric shapes in the coordinate
plane, and using matrices to organize
and interpret data. Students will
verify and apply the Pythagorean Theorem
and represent relations and functions
using tables, graphs, and rules.
While learning mathematics,
students will be actively engaged,
using concrete materials and appropriate
technologies such as fraction calculators,
computers, spreadsheets, laser discs,
and videos. However, facility in
the use of technology shall not
be regarded as a substitute for
a student's understanding of quantitative
concepts and relationships or for
proficiency in basic computations.
Students will also identify real-life
applications of the mathematical
principles they are learning that
can be applied to science and other
disciplines they are studying.
Mathematics has its
own language, and the acquisition
of specialized vocabulary and language
patterns is crucial to a student's
understanding and appreciation of
the subject. Students should be
encouraged to use correctly the
concepts, skills, symbols, and vocabulary
identified in the following set
of standards.
Problem solving has
been integrated throughout the six
content strands. The development
of problem-solving skills should
be a major goal of the mathematics
program at every grade level. Instruction
in the process of problem solving
will need to be integrated early
and continuously into each student's
mathematics education. Students
must be helped to develop a wide
range of skills and strategies for
solving a variety of problem types. |
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| 8.1 |
The
student will
- simplify numerical expressions
involving positive
exponents, using rational
numbers, order
of operations, and properties
of operations with real
numbers;
- recognize, represent,
compare, and order numbers
expressed in scientific
notation; and
- compare and order decimals,
fractions, percents, and
numbers written in scientific
notation.
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| 8.2 |
The
student will describe orally and
in writing the relationship between
the subsets of the real number
system. |
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| 8.3 |
The
student will solve practical problems
involving rational numbers, percents,
ratios, and proportions. Problems
will be of varying complexities
and will involve real-life data,
such as finding a discount and
discount prices and balancing
a checkbook. |
| 8.4 |
The
student will apply the order of
operations to evaluate algebraic
expressions for given replacement
values of the variables. Problems
will be limited to positive exponents. |
| 8.5 |
The
student, given a whole number
from 0 to 100, will identify it
as a perfect square or find the
two consecutive whole numbers
between which the square root
lies. |
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| 8.6 |
The
student will verify by measuring
and describe the relationships
among vertical angles, supplementary
angles, and complementary angles
and will measure and draw angles of
less than 360°. |
| 8.7 |
The
student will investigate and solve
practical problems involving volume
and surface area of rectangular
solids (prisms), cones, cylinder,
and pyramid. |
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| 8.8 |
The
student will apply transformations (rotate
or turn, reflect or flip, translate
or slide, and dilate or scale)
to geometric figures represented
on graph paper. The student will
identify applications of transformations,
such as tiling, fabric design,
art, and scaling. |
| 8.9 |
The
student will construct a three-dimensional
model, given the top, side, and/or
bottom views. |
| 8.10 |
The
student will
- verify the Pythagorean
Theorem, using diagrams,
concrete materials, and
measurement; and
- apply the Pythagorean
Theorem to find the missing
length of a side of a right
triangle when given
the lengths of the other
two sides.
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| 8.11 |
The
student will analyze problem situations,
including games of chance, board
games, or grading scales, and
make predictions, using knowledge
of probability. |
| 8.12 |
The
student will make comparisons,
predictions, and inferences, using
information displayed in frequency distributions; box-and-whisker
plots; scattergrams; line,
bar, circle, and picture graphs;
and histograms. |
| 8.13 |
The
student will use a matrix to organize
and describe data. |
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| 8.14 |
The
student will- describe and represent
relations and functions,
using tables, graphs,
and rules; and
- relate and compare tables,
graphs, and rules as different
forms of representation
for relationships.
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| 8.15 |
The
student will solve two-step equations
and inequalities in one variable,
using concrete materials, pictorial
representations, and paper and
pencil. |
| 8.16 |
The
student will graph a linear equation
in two variables, in the coordinate
plane, using a table of ordered
pairs. |
| 8.17 |
The
student will create and solve
problems, using proportions, formulas,
and functions. |
| 8.18 |
The
student will use the following algebraic
terms appropriately: domain,
range, independent
variable, and dependent variable. |
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